The last step in the three “Rs” is recycling. Unlike reusing, in recycling the food residues are used in a way which is different from their primary intended usage. In our lab we are focusing on two different directions: 1) Returning the residues into the soil as organic amendments for agricultural purposes (e.g. improving soil health and executing pest control). The main technique that we use is called "biosolarization" and is done by combining these amendments with passive soil heating by creating a "greenhouse effect" with transparent plastic cover. 2) Converting waste to energy by high solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD). HSAD is used to produce biogas with minimal water usage. In both recycling systems we are applying our unique approach of using our advanced simulation system to elucidate the microbiome vs the volatome (microbial ecology and the volatile metabolites produced during the different processes).